Legitimasi Hukum Pidana Adat di Era Modern: Tantangan dan Peluang dalam Reformasi Sistem Hukum Indonesia
Keywords:
Customary Criminal Law, Legal Legitimacy, Legal Reform, Legal Pluralism, RKUHPAbstract
Customary criminal law, as part of the unwritten legal system (living
law), plays a significant role in dispute resolution within indigenous
communities. However, in the modern era, its existence is often
questioned as it is perceived to conflict with the unifying principles of
national law. This study aims to analyze the legitimacy of customary
criminal law within the context of Indonesia's legal system reform and
identify the challenges and opportunities for its legal recognition. This
research employs a qualitative method with a normative-juridical and
socio-legal approach. Data were collected through literature review,
analysis of legal documents (including the Draft Criminal Code
[RKUHP] and court rulings), and interviews with stakeholders in the
legal sector and indigenous communities. The findings indicate that
customary criminal law remains partially recognized in Indonesia's
legal system, primarily through Article 5(3) of Law No. 48/2009 on
Judicial Power and several court decisions. However, key challenges
include (1) inconsistent recognition in legislation, (2) potential human
rights violations in the application of customary sanctions, and (3)
resistance from modernist groups. On the other hand, opportunities to
strengthen the legitimacy of customary criminal law lie in (1) the spirit
of legal pluralism in the RKUHP, (2) the need for contextual dispute
resolution, and (3) the utilization of local wisdom values for restorative
justice. The conclusion is the legitimacy of customary criminal law in
the modern era requires balanced policy reformulation that respects
legal diversity while ensuring national legal certainty. Research
recommendations include strengthening legal frameworks through
specific regulations, establishing oversight mechanisms for customary
sanctions, and public education to reduce stigmatization.
References
Anjari, W. (2018). Eksistensi Delik Adat Dan Implementasi Asas Legalitas Hukum Pidana Materiil Indonesia. Masalah-Masalah Hukum, 46(4), 328. https://doi.org/10.14710/mmh.46.4.2017.328-335
Apriyani, R. (2018). Keberadaan Sanksi Adat Dalam Penerapan Hukum Pidana Adat. Jurnal Hukum PRIORIS, 6(3), 227–246. https://doi.org/10.25105/prio.v6i3.3178
Arrasuli, B. K. (2023). Eksistensi Hukum Pidana Adat dalam Rancangan KUHP : Problematika Asas Legalitas dan Over-Kriminalisasi. In Unes Law Review (Vol. 6, Issue 1, pp. 722–736). review-unes.com. https://www.review-unes.com/index.php/law/article/download/879/626
Eka, R. I., & Do, D. (2016). Eksistensi Peradilan Adat Pada Sistem Hukum Pidana Di Indonesia Dalam Upaya Pembaharuan Hukum Pidana Nasional. Pakuan Justice Journal Of Law (Pajoul), 2(1), 63–73. https://journal.unpak.ac.id/index.php/pajoul/article/view/3409
Fathurokhman, F. (2022). Hukum Pidana Adat Baduy. In academia.edu. https://www.academia.edu/download/98259815/337609370.pdf
Handayani, T. A., & Prabowo, A. (2024a). Analisis Hukum Pidana Adat Dalam Hukum Pidana Nasional. In Jurnal Hukum Ius Publicum (Vol. 5, Issue 1, pp. 89–105). https://doi.org/10.55551/jip.v5i1.95
Handayani, T. A., & Prabowo, A. (2024b). Analisis Hukum Pidana Adat Dalam Hukum Pidana Nasional. Jurnal Hukum Ius Publicum, 5(1), 89–105. https://doi.org/10.55551/jip.v5i1.95
Harahap, A. (2018). Pembaharuan Hukum Pidana Berbasis Hukum Adat. In Jurnal Edutech (Vol. 4, Issue 2, pp. 1–9). ejournal.upm.ac.id. http://jurnal.umsu.ac.id/index.php/edutech/article/view/2268
Hartanto, H., Rico Agung Satria Atmaja, Suyikati, & Arvita Hastarini. (2024). Adat (Budaya) Carok dalam Hukum Pidana di Indonesia. In Literasi Hukum (Vol. 8, Issue 1, pp. 27–44). https://doi.org/10.31002/lh.v8i1.1522
Hastuti, Y. W. (2022). Penerapan Sanksi Pidana Adat Terhadap Pelanggaran Hukum Adat (Studi Kasus di Kecamatan Rantepao. Kabupaten Tana Toraja). In Repository Unhas. repository.unhas.ac.id. http://repository.unhas.ac.id:443/id/eprint/25813
Henry, D., Ackerman, M., Sancelme, E., Finon, A., Esteve, E., Nwabudike, L. C., Brancato, L., Itescu, S., Skovron, M. L., Solomon, G., Winchester, R., Learning, M., Cookbook, R., Husain, Z., Reddy, B. Y., Schwartz, R. A., Brier, J., Neal, D. E., Feit, E. M., … Rello, J. (2020). Aspek Legalitas Hukum Pidana Dengan Hukum Adat. In Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology (Vol. 34, Issue 8, pp. 709.e1-709.e9). http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jaad.2013.01.032
Hidayat, R. (2017). Eksistensi Hukum Pidana Adat Ngata Toro Kecamatan Kulawi Dan Kedudukannya Dalam Hukum Pidana Nasional. Maleo Law Journal. https://jurnal.unismuhpalu.ac.id/index.php/MLJ/article/view/57
Istiqamah, D. T. (2018). Analisis Nilai Keadilan Restoratif Pada Penerapan Hukum Adat Di Indonesia. In Veritas et Justitia. core.ac.uk. https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/290052708.pdf
Ivan, Y. (2015). Eksistensi Hukum Pidana Adat Dalam Menangani Delik Adat Pada Masyarakat Hukum Adat Dayak Pangkodan Di Desa Lape Kecamatan Sanggau Kapuas …. e-journal.uajy.ac.id. http://e-journal.uajy.ac.id/7139/%0Ahttp://e-journal.uajy.ac.id/7139/4/HK310334.pdf
Kaol, W. A. (2017). Kajian Hukum Pidana Adat Dalam Sistem Hukum Pidana Indonesia. Ekp, 13(3), 1576–1580. https://ejournal.unsrat.ac.id/index.php/lexcrimen/article/view/15340
Komeni, W. H., & Widjajanti, E. (2024). Ketidaktepatan Penerapan Hukum Pidana Adat dalam Pasal 2 KUHP Baru: Prespektif Teori Kepastian Hukum. Innovative: Journal Of Social Science Research, 4(3), 1051–1059. https://doi.org/10.31004/innovative.v4i3.10586
Kusyandi, A., Salsabila, S., & Murtiningsih, M. (2023). Kedudukan Hukum Pidana Adat Dalam Hukum Pidana Indonesia. Yustitia, 9(2). https://doi.org/10.31943/yustitia.v10i2.205
Lase, S. M. N., Adinda, A., & Yuliantika, R. D. (2021). Reinterpretasi Makna Asas Legalitas sebagai Bentuk Pengakuan Hukum Pidana Adat dalam Upaya Menjamin Hak Asasi Masyarakat Adat. Padjadjaran Law Review, 9(1), 53. https://jurnal.fh.unpad.ac.id/index.php/plr/article/view/22/109
Mulyadi, L. (2013). EKSISTENSI HUKUM PIDANA ADAT DI INDONESIA : Pengkajian Asas, Norma, Teori, Praktik dan Prosedurnya. Jurnal Hukum Dan Peradilan, 2(2), 225. https://doi.org/10.25216/jhp.2.2.2013.225-246
Nugroho, M. C., Prasetyo, S. P., Gaol, N. C. L., & Putri, A. N. (2023). Pelaksanaan Hukum Pidana Adat Baduy Ditinjau Dari Hukum Nasional. JERUMI: Journal of Education Religion Humanities and Multidiciplinary, 1(2), 189–195. https://doi.org/10.57235/jerumi.v1i2.1267
Nur Ali. (2021). Transformasi Hukum Keluarga Islam Sebagai Sumber Hukum di Indonesia. In Khuluqiyya: Jurnal Kajian Hukum dan Studi Islam. jurnal.staialhikmahdua.ac.id. https://doi.org/10.56593/khuluqiyya.v3i1.67
Pandamdari, E. (2015). Dinamika pengakuan eksistensi hak ulayat masyarakat hukum adat. Disertasi-2011. http://repository.trisakti.ac.id/usaktiana/index.php/home/detail/detail_koleksi/1/DIS/th_terbit/00000000000000084288/2011
Pradnyana Yoga, K. A. S. (2023). Awig-Awig Sebagai Hukum Adat Di Wilayah Desa Adat Provinsi Bali. Jurnal Dinamika Sosial Budaya, 25(1), 293. https://doi.org/10.26623/jdsb.v25i1.4448
Prasisko, Y. G. (2019). Demokrasi Indonesia Dalam Masyarakat Multikultural. WASKITA: Jurnal Pendidikan Nilai Dan Pembangunan Karakter, 3(1), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.21776/ub.waskita.2019.003.01.1
Rizani, R., Sukarni, S., Hanafiah, M., & Muhajir, A. (2024). Hukum Pidana dalam Adat Banjar: Integrasi Hukum Adat dan Hukum Pidana Nasional. In Interdisciplinary Explorations in Research Journal (Vol. 2, Issue 2, pp. 817–842). shariajournal.com. https://doi.org/10.62976/ierj.v2i2.574
Rusmasari, S., Guslan, V., Anggara, M. A., & ... (2025). Peran Lembaga Adat dalam Penegakan Hukum Pidana Adat Melayu Bengkulu. In JURNAL MOTIVASI …. ourhope.biz.id. https://ourhope.biz.id/ojs/index.php/JP/article/download/112/91
Saraswati, & Putu Sekarwangi. (2018). Eksistensi Sanksi Adat Bali Dalam Sistem Hukum Pidana Nasional. Jurnal Advokasi, 8(2), 251–261. https://e-journal.unmas.ac.id/index.php/advokasi/article/view/101
Sudibyo, A. (2020). Keberadaan Pidana Adat Dalam Mazhab Sejarah Dihubungkan Dengan Positivisme Hukum. Journal Presumption of Law, 2(1), 36–57. https://doi.org/10.31949/jpl.v2i1.338
Supriatin, H. U., & Setiawan, I. (2017). Persepsi Mengenai Hukum Pidana Adat. Jurnal Ilmiah Galuh Justisi, 4(2), 198. https://doi.org/10.25157/jigj.v4i2.323
Watkat, F. X., & Budiman, E. A. (2022). Hukum Pidana Adat “Antara Ada Dan Tiada.” Jurnal Ius Publicum, 2(2), 242–264. https://doi.org/10.55551/jip.v4i4.38
Wijaya, W., & Nurdin, M. (2024). Penguatan Eksistensi Hukum Pidana Adat sebagai Instrumen Penegakan Hukum Lokal di Indonesia. JUSTITIA Jurnal Ilmu Hukum Dan Humaniora, 7(1), 290. https://doi.org/10.31604/justitia.v7i1.290-299
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2025 HARISA: Jurnal Hukum, Syariah, dan Sosial
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
